Content Security Policy

Content Security Policy (CSP) is a security standard that helps prevent cross-site scripting (XSS), clickjacking, and other code injection attacks. When using CSP with PWAs, proper configuration is essential to allow service worker registration while maintaining security.

Why CSP Matters for PWAs

CSP headers control which resources can be loaded and executed. Service workers require JavaScript execution, which CSP may block if not configured correctly.

Common CSP issues with PWAs:

Service worker registration blocked
Service worker scripts not loading
Workbox scripts failing to load
Background sync failures
Cache API access denied

Basic CSP Configuration

Using Nonce (Recommended)

The PWA Bundle supports CSP nonces for service worker registration:

templates/base.html.twig

Nelmio Security Bundle: If using Nelmio Security Bundle, nonces are automatically generated and applied. No manual configuration needed.

Manual Nonce Generation

If not using Nelmio, generate nonces manually:

src/Twig/CspExtension.php

<?php

namespace App\Twig;

use Twig\Extension\AbstractExtension;
use Twig\TwigFunction;

class CspExtension extends AbstractExtension
{
    private ?string $nonce = null;

    public function getFunctions(): array
    {
        return [
            new TwigFunction('csp_nonce', [$this, 'getNonce']),
        ];
    }

    public function getNonce(): string
    {
        if ($this->nonce === null) {
            $this->nonce = base64_encode(random_bytes(16));
        }

        return $this->nonce;
    }
}

Then add the nonce to your CSP header in a middleware or response listener.

CSP Headers for PWAs

Minimal CSP Configuration

Allows service workers with nonce-based script execution:

Content-Security-Policy:
  default-src 'self';
  script-src 'self' 'nonce-{NONCE}';
  worker-src 'self';
  manifest-src 'self';

Complete PWA CSP Configuration

Comprehensive CSP for a full-featured PWA:

Content-Security-Policy:
  default-src 'self';
  script-src 'self' 'nonce-{NONCE}';
  worker-src 'self' blob:;
  connect-src 'self' wss: https:;
  img-src 'self' data: blob: https:;
  style-src 'self' 'unsafe-inline';
  font-src 'self' data:;
  manifest-src 'self';
  frame-src 'self';
  media-src 'self' blob:;

Directive explanations:

default-src 'self': Default policy for all resources
script-src 'self' 'nonce-{NONCE}': Allow scripts from origin + nonce
worker-src 'self' blob:: Allow service workers + blob workers
connect-src 'self' wss: https:: Allow fetch/XHR + WebSockets
img-src 'self' data: blob: https:: Allow images from multiple sources
style-src 'self' 'unsafe-inline': Allow inline styles (or use nonce)
font-src 'self' data:: Allow fonts from origin + data URIs
manifest-src 'self': Allow manifest from origin
media-src 'self' blob:: Allow media + blob URLs

Using Workbox CDN

If using Workbox from CDN, add the CDN to your CSP:

Content-Security-Policy:
  script-src 'self' 'nonce-{NONCE}' https://storage.googleapis.com;
  connect-src 'self' https://storage.googleapis.com;

Or configure local Workbox to avoid CDN:

pwa:
    serviceworker:
        workbox:
            use_cdn: false  # Use local Workbox files

Symfony Configuration

Using Nelmio Security Bundle

config/packages/nelmio_security.yaml

nelmio_security:
    content_security_policy:
        enabled: true

        # Use nonces for scripts
        script_nonce: true

        # CSP directives
        default-src:
            - 'self'

        script-src:
            - 'self'
            - 'nonce'  # Auto-generated nonce

        worker-src:
            - 'self'
            - 'blob:'

        connect-src:
            - 'self'
            - 'https:'
            - 'wss:'

        img-src:
            - 'self'
            - 'data:'
            - 'blob:'
            - 'https:'

        style-src:
            - 'self'
            - 'unsafe-inline'  # Or use style_nonce: true

        font-src:
            - 'self'
            - 'data:'

        manifest-src:
            - 'self'

        media-src:
            - 'self'
            - 'blob:'

Custom Event Subscriber

For custom CSP header management:

src/EventSubscriber/CspSubscriber.php

<?php

namespace App\EventSubscriber;

use Symfony\Component\EventDispatcher\EventSubscriberInterface;
use Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\Event\ResponseEvent;
use Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\KernelEvents;

class CspSubscriber implements EventSubscriberInterface
{
    public function __construct(
        private readonly string $nonce
    ) {
    }

    public static function getSubscribedEvents(): array
    {
        return [
            KernelEvents::RESPONSE => 'onKernelResponse',
        ];
    }

    public function onKernelResponse(ResponseEvent $event): void
    {
        if (!$event->isMainRequest()) {
            return;
        }

        $response = $event->getResponse();

        $csp = sprintf(
            "default-src 'self'; " .
            "script-src 'self' 'nonce-%s'; " .
            "worker-src 'self' blob:; " .
            "connect-src 'self' https: wss:; " .
            "img-src 'self' data: blob: https:; " .
            "style-src 'self' 'unsafe-inline'; " .
            "font-src 'self' data:; " .
            "manifest-src 'self';",
            $this->nonce
        );

        $response->headers->set('Content-Security-Policy', $csp);
    }
}

Common CSP Issues

1. Service Worker Registration Fails

Error: Refused to execute inline script because it violates CSP directive

Solution: Add nonce to service worker registration script:

{{ pwa(swAttributes={nonce: csp_nonce()}) }}

2. Workbox Not Loading

Error: Refused to load script from 'https://storage.googleapis.com/workbox-cdn/...'

Solution: Add Workbox CDN to script-src or use local Workbox:

# Option 1: Allow CDN
nelmio_security:
    content_security_policy:
        script-src:
            - 'https://storage.googleapis.com'

# Option 2: Use local Workbox (recommended)
pwa:
    serviceworker:
        workbox:
            use_cdn: false

3. fetch() Fails in Service Worker

Error: Refused to connect to 'https://api.example.com'

Solution: Add API domains to connect-src:

nelmio_security:
    content_security_policy:
        connect-src:
            - 'self'
            - 'https://api.example.com'

4. Images Not Caching

Error: Refused to load image from 'blob:...'

Solution: Add blob: to img-src:

nelmio_security:
    content_security_policy:
        img-src:
            - 'self'
            - 'blob:'
            - 'data:'

5. Background Sync Fails

Error: Refused to create a worker from 'blob:...'

Solution: Add blob: to worker-src:

nelmio_security:
    content_security_policy:
        worker-src:
            - 'self'
            - 'blob:'

Testing CSP Configuration

1. Check CSP Headers

# Using curl
curl -I https://your-app.com | grep -i content-security-policy

# Expected output
Content-Security-Policy: default-src 'self'; script-src 'self' 'nonce-...'

2. Browser DevTools

1. Open DevTools (F12)
2. Go to Console tab
3. Look for CSP violations
4. Check Network tab for blocked requests

3. CSP Evaluator

Use Google's CSP Evaluator to validate your policy:

https://csp-evaluator.withgoogle.com/

4. Report-Only Mode

Test CSP without blocking (reports violations only):

nelmio_security:
    content_security_policy:
        report-only: true
        report-uri: '/csp-report'

CSP Reporting

Enable CSP Reports

Collect CSP violation reports to identify issues:

nelmio_security:
    content_security_policy:
        report-uri: '/csp-violation-report'

Create Report Endpoint

src/Controller/CspController.php

<?php

namespace App\Controller;

use Psr\Log\LoggerInterface;
use Symfony\Bundle\FrameworkBundle\Controller\AbstractController;
use Symfony\Component\HttpFoundation\Request;
use Symfony\Component\HttpFoundation\Response;
use Symfony\Component\Routing\Attribute\Route;

class CspController extends AbstractController
{
    #[Route('/csp-violation-report', methods: ['POST'])]
    public function report(Request $request, LoggerInterface $logger): Response
    {
        $report = json_decode($request->getContent(), true);

        $logger->warning('CSP Violation', [
            'blocked_uri' => $report['csp-report']['blocked-uri'] ?? 'unknown',
            'violated_directive' => $report['csp-report']['violated-directive'] ?? 'unknown',
            'document_uri' => $report['csp-report']['document-uri'] ?? 'unknown',
        ]);

        return new Response('', Response::HTTP_NO_CONTENT);
    }
}

Production vs Development

Development Configuration

More permissive for easier debugging:

# config/packages/dev/nelmio_security.yaml
nelmio_security:
    content_security_policy:
        enabled: true
        report-only: true  # Report violations without blocking

        script-src:
            - 'self'
            - 'unsafe-inline'  # Allow for hot reload
            - 'unsafe-eval'    # Allow for dev tools

Production Configuration

Strict policy for maximum security:

# config/packages/prod/nelmio_security.yaml
nelmio_security:
    content_security_policy:
        enabled: true
        report-only: false  # Enforce policy

        script-src:
            - 'self'
            - 'nonce'  # Only nonce-based scripts

Best Practices

1. Use Nonces, Not unsafe-inline

# ✗ Avoid
script-src:
    - 'self'
    - 'unsafe-inline'

# ✓ Prefer
script-src:
    - 'self'
    - 'nonce'

2. Use Local Resources

Avoid relying on external CDNs when possible:

pwa:
    serviceworker:
        workbox:
            use_cdn: false  # Use local Workbox

3. Minimize 'unsafe-*' Directives

Only use when absolutely necessary:

# ✓ Good - no unsafe directives
style-src:
    - 'self'
    - 'nonce'

# ✗ Avoid if possible
style-src:
    - 'self'
    - 'unsafe-inline'

4. Start Strict, Relax if Needed

Begin with restrictive policy and relax gradually:

# Start here
default-src: ['self']

# Add as needed
connect-src: ['self', 'https://api.example.com']

5. Monitor Violations

Use report-uri to catch violations in production:

content_security_policy:
    report-uri: '/csp-report'

Platform-Specific Considerations

iOS/Safari

Safari has strict CSP enforcement. Ensure:

manifest-src 'self' is set
worker-src 'self' allows service workers
No unsafe-eval in production

Android/Chrome

Chrome supports full CSP spec. Take advantage of:

'strict-dynamic' for script loading
'unsafe-hashes' for specific inline scripts
Full nonce support

Progressive Enhancement

Provide fallbacks for browsers without service worker support:

if ('serviceWorker' in navigator) {
    // Register with CSP nonce
    navigator.serviceWorker.register('/sw.js');
} else {
    // Fallback for browsers without SW support
    console.warn('Service workers not supported');
}

Troubleshooting Checklist

When CSP blocks your PWA:

Service Worker Configuration - Service worker setup
Workbox - Workbox configuration options
Nelmio Security Bundle - Symfony CSP configuration

Resources

MDN CSP: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/CSP
CSP Evaluator: https://csp-evaluator.withgoogle.com/
CSP Cheat Sheet: https://cheatsheetseries.owasp.org/cheatsheets/Content_Security_Policy_Cheat_Sheet.html
Can I Use CSP: https://caniuse.com/contentsecuritypolicy

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Why CSP Matters for PWAs

Basic CSP Configuration

Using Nonce (Recommended)

Manual Nonce Generation

CSP Headers for PWAs

Minimal CSP Configuration

Complete PWA CSP Configuration

Using Workbox CDN

Symfony Configuration

Using Nelmio Security Bundle

Custom Event Subscriber

Common CSP Issues

1. Service Worker Registration Fails

2. Workbox Not Loading

3. fetch() Fails in Service Worker

4. Images Not Caching

5. Background Sync Fails

Testing CSP Configuration

1. Check CSP Headers

2. Browser DevTools

3. CSP Evaluator

4. Report-Only Mode

CSP Reporting

Enable CSP Reports

Create Report Endpoint

Production vs Development

Development Configuration

Production Configuration

Best Practices

1. Use Nonces, Not unsafe-inline

2. Use Local Resources

3. Minimize 'unsafe-*' Directives

4. Start Strict, Relax if Needed

5. Monitor Violations

Platform-Specific Considerations

iOS/Safari

Android/Chrome

Progressive Enhancement

Troubleshooting Checklist

Related Documentation

Resources